Background:Carried out in Liberia’s Montserrado County, this ethnopharmacological survey was designed to record information about common therapeutic plants. Many of the herbal medications of the study area are still unpublished, and their usage is either poorly or entirely unrecorded, despite the high rate of their usage in the country. Such a study is of high importance in Liberia, where the effectiveness of a decent number of herbal medicines has been proved but yet to be documented. Objectives:The study sought to chronicle the many methods of herbal preparations and healing practices used in the study area, as well as to identify plants (and their various parts) that are often used by herbal medicine practitioners in Liberia’s Montserrado County. Materials and Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design and conducted a face-to-face interview for 32 willing THMPs (Traditional Herbal Medicine Practitioners) in the county. The survey documented the socio-demographic information of the respondents, their mostly utilized plants (and the parts used), mode of use, common and local names and details of the mode of preparation of herbal medicines. Results and conclusion: Information about the botanical components and formulas of their medicines, the sources of raw materials, and the kinds of illnesses that the plants are used to cure was supplied by the government-recognized herbalists in the study area. According to the respondents, a total of ninety-two (92) medicinal plant species from thirty-one (31) families are commonly utilized to prepare herbal medications for the treatment of fifteen (15) various medical ailments. The leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, and the Fabaceae family was the most frequently mentioned. Malaria, goa, typhoid, dysentery, the common cold, piles, and infertility were the illnesses that required the most treatment. The documented common medicinal plants used in traditional medicine preparation in the study area are indications of opportunities for pharmaceutical resources in the country which is known for high biodiversity. Further research on the identified plants and more is hoped to foster novel medicinal discoveries which will be of national or global impact in the future.

Kalanchoe pinnata, also known as Bryophyllum pinnatum, is a succulent plant native to Madagascar that has been extensively utilized in traditional medicine for its curative effects. This study looks at the gastroprotective properties of an aqueous extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (AKP) against ethanol-induced stomach ulcers in Wistar rats. The plant’s phytochemicals, including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids, are known for their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties. Thirty Wistar rats were separated into six groups and given AKP, omeprazole, or no therapy after ethanol-induced stomach injury. Histological investigations revealed that the control group had normal gastric architecture, but the ethanol-only group suffered severe stomach injuries. Treatment with 0.5 ml AKP resulted in limited protection, while 1 ml AKP had strong gastroprotective effects comparable to omeprazole. The untreated group showed persistent severe damage. These findings support the historic usage of Kalanchoe pinnata to as treatment agent in traditional medicine while also highlighting its potential for modern therapeutic applications. The study recommends more investigation into the biochemical principles and clinical efficacy of Kalanchoe pinnata to fully grasp its therapeutic potential.

The Ceftriaxone given by the systemic route of administration that utilized to administer antibiotic for prevention of postoperative infection. It ensures uniform antibiotic distribution in the body, therefore, to stop an infection from occurring, a stable dosage form that delivers medications to the infection site at an effective concentration is required. The present study aimed to develop a biodegradable lipid implant for site administration, evaluate various formulations, and examine the stability of an optimum formulation. The different formulations were developed by molding technique and studied for their physical properties, swelling ratio, friability, weight variation, content uniformity, dissolution, gel method, and stability of optimized formulation. This study indicated that all formulations were passed all the tests successfully, and the kinetic study after dissolution, and gel method of formulations were followed Korsmeyer and Peppas model. Among the all formulations Ceftriaxone1 was found to be the best formula because it passed all the tests successfully and had less flocculation in release profile. Accordingly, this formula subjected to stability studies. Based on the results obtained from stability studies, Ceftriaxone1 showed no significant difference of the drug content. From the value of similarity factor, it can be concluded that the release pattern ofCeftriaxone1 among period of stability studied are similar. In conclusion, lipid base biodegradable Ceftriaxone was prepared successfully, and they passed all the tests. The optimized formulations are stable after stability studies as per ICH guidelines.

Phyllanthus niruri, a widely used herbal remedy, has demonstrated various therapeutic properties. However, limited toxicological data exist regarding its safety profile. This study aimed to investigate the sub-acute toxicity manifested as hematological changes in a mice model following repeated oral administration over 14 days. A controlled randomized design was used with 24 mice, divided into four groups of six animals each. One control group was administered distilled water, while three treatment groups received aqueous extracts at low (1000 mg/kg), intermediate (2000 mg/kg), and high (4000 mg/kg) doses. No mortality was observed, and clinical signs of acute toxicity were absent. Behavioral changes such as mild lethargy and hypokinesia were transient and reversible. Body weight measurements indicated a dose-dependent reduction, with the high-dose group showing a significant decrease by day 14. Hematological analysis revealed a significant increase in neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils at higher doses, indicating an inflammatory or immune response. Additionally, a significant decrease in RBC count was observed in the high-dose group, suggesting potential hematological effects, including anemia. These findings suggest that while Phyllanthus niruri extract is generally nontoxic at lower doses, prolonged use or higher doses may lead to immune-related pathology and anemia.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a perennial crop with an edible starchy tuberous root grown in tropical and subtropical regions. However, limited studies have assessed the antinutritional factors affecting its nutrient availability. This study evaluated the antinutritional composition of two cassava varieties (white TMS 30001 and yellow TMS 30572) grown in Ankpa, Kabba, and Okene (Kogi State) using standard methods. Tubers from Agricultural Development Project (ADP) farms were analyzed at Kogi State University Biochemistry Laboratory for cyanide, tannin, oxalate, phytate, and trypsin inhibitor content. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (SPSS version 20), with Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) for mean separation and T-test for comparing both varieties. Results showed significant differences (P≤0.05) among the antinutrient compositions. In white cassava, Okene tubers had the highest antinutrient values except for phytate (1.71±0.04mg/100g) and tannin (0.36±0.1mg/100g), which were highest in Kabba and Ankpa, respectively. In yellow cassava, Okene had the highest levels of all antinutrients except phytate (3.31±0.10mg/100g) and oxalate (0.23±0.00mg/100g), which were highest in Ankpa. The T-test indicated that white cassava had higher cyanide, oxalate, and trypsin inhibitor levels, while yellow cassava had higher phytate content. Both varieties had similar tannin levels. The lower antinutrient content of yellow cassava suggests it is more suitable for human consumption and livestock feed than white cassava across the three locations.

Background: Carried out in Liberia’s Montserrado County, this ethnopharmacological survey was designed to record information about common therapeutic plants. Many of the herbal medications of the study area are still unpublished, and their usage is either poorly or entirely unrecorded, despite the high rate of their usage in the country. Such a study is of high importance in Liberia, where the effectiveness of a decent number of herbal medicines has been proved but yet to be documented. Objectives: The study sought to chronicle the many methods of herbal preparations and healing practices used in the study area, as well as to identify plants (and their various parts) that are often used by herbal medicine practitioners in Liberia’s Montserrado County. Materials and Methods: The study utilized a cross-sectional descriptive design and conducted a face-to-face interview for 32 willing THMPs (Traditional Herbal Medicine Practitioners) in the county. The survey documented the socio-demographic information of the respondents, their mostly utilized plants (and the parts used), mode of use, common and local names and details of the mode of preparation of herbal medicines. Results and conclusion: Information about the botanical components and formulas of their medicines, the sources of raw materials, and the kinds of illnesses that the plants are used to cure was supplied by the government-recognized herbalists in the study area. According to the respondents, a total of ninety-two (92) medicinal plant species from thirty-one (31) families are commonly utilized to prepare herbal medications for the treatment of fifteen (15) various medical ailments. The leaves were the most frequently used plant parts, and the Fabaceae family was the most frequently mentioned. Malaria, goa, typhoid, dysentery, the common cold, piles, and infertility were the illnesses that required the most treatment. The documented common medicinal plants used in traditional medicine preparation in the study area are indications of opportunities for pharmaceutical resources in the country which is known for high biodiversity. Further research on the identified plants and more is hoped to foster novel medicinal discoveries which will be of national or global impact in the future.

Objective: The evaluate acute and subacute toxicity of ethyl acetate extract of Oxalis latifolia and O. tetraphylla leaves (family: Oxalidaceae) in Swiss albino mice and Wistar albino rats. Methods: Swiss albino mice were used in the 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg acute toxicity investigations. Systematic measurements were taken at 1, 2, 3, and 24 hours post-dose. For the subacute toxicity, the animals were grouped into six groups of 6 rats where animals were fed with food and distilled water and the groups were control, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extracts respectively every 24 h orally for 28 days. Results: In acute toxicity studies, the extract did not induce death after dose up to 2000 mg/kg, the leaf ethyl acetate extracts from O. latifolia and O. tetraphylla did not result in any mortalities and were shown to be non-toxic to animals. After 28 days of treatment, there was no discernible difference in the body and organ weights between the treated group and the control group. Analysis of the extract’s hemological composition and biochemical characteristics showed no harmful effects. Histopathological alterations were not present, nor were there any obvious abnormalities. In 28 days, no deaths were noted. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity at larger doses in rats suggests it may be worth exploring further for potential medical and therapeutic applications.

The study evaluated the potential effects of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced memory decline and testicular abnormalities. Thirty-six (36) research rats divided into six groups with six rats each were utilized. DMSO (0.1 %) and EGCG (80 mg/kg) were administered to group 1 and 2, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were treated with HFD and HFD plus rapamycin for 56 days. DMSO or EGCG (80 mg/kg) was given to groups 5 and 6 for 29-56 days, respectively. However, animals in groups 5–6 were treated with HFD and HFD plus rapamycin individually for 56 days. The study investigated the cognitive capacity of the rats using novel-object recognition tests. The adrenal gland and prefrontal cortex of the rat testes and brain were assessed for inflammatory, autophagic state, neurochemical, and histological alterations. All rats had their serum leptin, adiponectin, and corticosterone evaluated. The findings demonstrated that HFD consumption resulted in cognitive deterioration, an imbalance of inflammatory cytokines, an increase in the lee index, and neuronal death. But in the HFD-exposed rats, EGCG therapy reduced corticosterone, leptin, and lee index, improved cognitive impairment, regulated inflammatory, autophagic, and apoptotic status, elevated adiponectin, increased brain-testes weight, and protected neuronal atrophy. Accordingly, EGCG reduced the negative effects of an HFD-induced non-spatial memory and testicular dysfunctions, possibly by reducing hypercortisolism, controlling chemo-brain activity, regulating inflammatory, apoptotic, autophagic, and metabolic hormonal status, and preventing neuronal degeneration.

This study explored the status of advertisement practices among Herbal Medicine Dealers (HMDs) on various media platforms, and stakeholders’ perception of its relationship with profitability, business growth and overall standard of living. This survey was carried out using semi-questionnaire as data collection instrument. The participants include 70 HMDs, which includes 28 recognized Herbal Medicine Practitioners (HMPs) recognized by the Complementary Medicine Unit (CMU) of the Ministry of Health (MOH) and 42 Herbal Products Vendors (HPVs) within 7 major markets within the study area. Findings from this study indicate that of the 70 HMDs, 56 (80%) and 14 (20%) are exposed to radio and social media platforms, respectively, while 6% are not exposed to the media at all. Among the 56 HMDs who are exposed to the media, only 3 (5.4%) are involved with media advertisement, while the remaining 53 (94.6%) are not involved with media advertisement. By prioritizing media advertisement as part of their business strategy, HMDs in the study area can improve herbal product patronage, thereby increase their revenue. The findings of this study are relevant to the growth of the business in focus and the improved standard of living of related stakeholders in the study area.

To fortify nutrients depleting loam being waste under murkiness and use it for enhancing anticancer food rationing in human body two onion (Alium cepa) cultivars i.e. Cv.1 and Cv.2 (locally called “imported and 144” respectively) were experienced. Fertilizers were applied @ 50 kg of NH4 (SO4)2 and 25 kg of MOP (muriate of potash) per acre-1 with first irrigation. Growth parameters were recorded under un-shaded, partially and fully-shaded canopies of Eugenia trees. Maximum weights (162±9 g), horizontal diameters (7.83±0.77 cm), circumferences (24.20±2.4 cm) and number of leaves per plant (15±0.25) of onion bulbs were recorded in Cv.1 under shaded conditions followed by Cv.2 (weight 135±7 g, 7.82±1.01 cm, 22.5±2.2 cm, 14±0.92 respectively). Similarly, maximum yield of bulbs (small and medium sized) were 18±0.11 and 8.25±0.55 ton ha-1 in Cv.1. under un-shaded and 17±0.54 and 8.25±0.55 ton ha-1 under partially-shaded conditions, while, the lowest (6±0.36 ton ha-1) observed in large sized bulbs under fully-shaded conditions. More sprouting (40±2.1%) was observed under un- shaded whereas least (18±3.5%) under partially-shaded conditions in Cv.1. The response of both the cultivars were beneficially under such environment, however Cv.1 was better. It was inferred from the result that onion which is the excellent source of moderate level of anticancer diet can be obtained on these depleted soil by adding essential macronutrients.