Antimicrobial agents are the most valuable means available for treating bacterial infections. Lincomycin and tetracycline are common brand having antibacterial activity. It is considered to be a cost-effective drugs because of its low cost, good activity against pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics. Antibiotic in the animal feed as growth promoters are primarily source of antibiotic resistance and stress factor for gut epithelium. Current studies will elaborate the advances in understanding toxicity induce by tetracycline and lincomycin on mucosal layer of gut of broiler. Following parameters such feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were studied on weekly basis which show FCR of the lincomycin group was greater as compared to tetracycline group and control group minimum FCR was found in tetracycline group. ND and IBD (New castle disease and Infectious bursal disease) titer was also affected.

Nigella sativa (N. sativa) is an important herb with multiple pharmacological activities. Therapeutic properties of N. sativa based on the availability of thymoquinone (TQ) which is an essential oil and an active chemical component. This review concerns about the anti-bacterial activity of N. sativa in the gut of broiler chicks. The addition of N. sativa powder appeared to have a positive impact on growth performance of broiler chicks as it improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers at finisher phase and it could be considered as a substitute of antibiotic growth promoter (lincomycin) for broiler chicks. It also affect the immune titer of Infectious Bursal Disease and New Castle Disease in the broiler chicks.

Humans have relied on nature throughout their ages to cater for their basic needs including medicines to cure a wide spectrum of diseases. Plants have formed the basis for sophisticated systems of traditional medicines. For therapeutic agents many of the presently known lead compounds are natural products or their derivatives. Ethnomedicinal studies play a vital role to discover new drugs from indigenous medicinal plants. Green pharmaceuticals are getting popularity and extraordinary importance because vast opportunities for new drug discoveries are provided by the unmatched availability of chemical diversity and natural products either as pure compounds or as homogenous plant extracts. Therefore, in recent years the demand for herbal medicines and several natural products from a variety of plant species is consistently increasing. In spite of being an agricultural country and having different ecological regions, the medicinal plants of Pakistan have not been explored for their secondary metabolites which are responsible for treating different diseases. Although, huge importance of different extracts of medicinal plants from Pakistan have been reported for their different activities such as antimicrobial, anti-cancerouse, antiviral and antioxidant but complete biochemical profiling of these medicinal plants is lacking. LC-MS and GC-MS techniques have been applied in the field of drug discovery from medicinal plants but in Pakistan its success rate is very low in the subject of biochemical profiling. Therefore, such techniques should be used in Pakistan to explore active constituents from medicinal plants which could be used as medicines in future.

Hyperlipidemia is the major risk factor of arteriosclerosis, coronary heart diseases and death. Phenolic compounds have been shown to offer the protection against cardiovascular complications. In the present study, we studied the effect of semisynthetic phenolic compounds on the hyperlipidemic mice fed with high fat diet (cholesterol, cholic acid and peanut oil). Phenolic compounds were mixed with HFD and the dose of the test compounds were 1 0mg/kg for 6 weeks. After 6 weeks, the average body weight of lab diet, HFD, standard and test compounds were evaluated. Average body weight of test compound 1, test compound 2 and test compound 3 showed insignificant results (P>1) as compared to the standard drug (Atorvastatin in this study). The liver weight of mice increased (P>1) in all treatment groups relative to standard drug fed group. The plasma lipids such as triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol were found to be increased (P>1) in Test compound 1, test compound 2 , test compound 3 and HFD fed mice when compared to that of standard drug ( Atorvastatin) fed mice. But high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol increased in standard when compared to that of lab diet fed mice, HFD and test compounds. In conclusion, the supplementation of semi synthetic phenolic compounds may have a weak potential of hypolipidemic effect on mice fed high-fat diet.

Organophosphate insecticides are one of the most commonly used insecticides in crop production in Pakistan. Some of the common organophosphates and examples of their brands used as crop pesticides in Pakistan include dimethoate (SystoateTM Aventis, Germany), monocrotophos (NuvacronTM, Switzerland), acephate (OrtheneTM, Valent, USA), malathion (FyfanonTM, Jaffer Group, Pakistan), profenofos (CuracronTM, Syngenta Pakistan Ltd.), triazophos (DiplomatTM, Four Brothers Group, Pakistan), chlorpyrifos (LorsbanTM, Dow Agro Sciences, Pakistan). In veterinary practice, they are commonly used either as anthelmintics (e.g. dichlorvos, trichlorfon (NeguvanTM, Bayer, Germany; SantrifonTM, Sanna Labs., Faisalabad; TagafonTM, Star Labs., Lahore), haloxon, crufomate, coumaphos and naphthalophos) or as ectoparasiticides (e.g. trichlorfon, chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyriphos, coumaphos, diazinon, dichlorvos, fenthion, malathion, phosmet, ronnel, famphur and tetrachlorvinphos). Carbamates are also commonly used insecticides. Only two carbamatesviz. carbaryl and propoxur are used as ectoparasiticides in animal practice. No carbamate preparation is available for veterinary use in Pakistan.

Current study was designed to focus on the proximate, phytochemical and nutrient composition in addition to antioxidant properties of five selected vegetables viz Ipomoea batatas, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Daucus carota, Solanum Melongena and Brassica rapa rapa that are locally available and readily consumed in Pakistan. Nutritional analysis revealed that all the edibles were rich sources of crude protein, carbohydrate, fat and dietary fiber. Micro and macro minerals analysis also exhibited the significant presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg and P. Preliminary phytochemical screening unveiled the extraordinary incidence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids that was also proved by quantitative analysis. The biological assays bared a considerable antioxidant potential of selected green materials. Among vegetables, Trigonella foenum-graecum was proved to be superior while Brassica rapa rapa was considered to be inferior for phenolics and flavonoids content. Trigonella foenum-graecum also presented significant antioxidant activity with maximum reduction capacity and also having least IC50 as a result of inhibition of free radical scavenging by DPPH method. In contrast to α-amylase, a significantly higher inhibition towards α-glucosidase was shown by the selected samples; an impending remedial approach connected to postprandial hyperglycemia. In this scenario, the results of this study suggests that all the selected green materials have very good medicinal potentials, meet the standard requirements for drug formulation and serve as good sources of energy and nutrients. The outcomes of current work also revealed that plant derived foods enriched with phyto-protectants are effective to tailor specific healthy diet for the target population.

Plants and herbs have been the source of medication for man from centuries ago. Many compounds have been extracted from them for treatment of chronic diseases such as cocaine from cocoa. The Cocoa tree belongs to the family Theobroma, present in South and Central America. It has been found to be associated with cardiovascular health, lowering of blood pressure, platelet activities. Its anti-malarial, anti-oxidant, anti- cough, anti-influenza, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive activities have also been reported. Cocoa contains elevated amounts of various flavonoids, for example, catechin, epicatechin enantiomers, and procyanidin B2 and methylxanthines. As it has been used since very late in human medication and has a great ethno- pharmacological importance, hence, it can be used as a medicine in future for the treatment of many chronic diseases.