Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)

Somatic Cell Count: An Indicator of Intramammary Infection in Dairy Animals

February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.03.2021.49.53

SOMATIC CELL COUNT: AN INDICATOR OF INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION IN DAIRY ANIMALS

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Shankar Prasad Poudel, Reecha Acharya, Dipesh Kumar Chetri

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_4_21

ABSTRACT

Mastitis, result of intramammary infections, exhibits serious economic problem in dairy sector due to the loss in milk yield and quality. Clinical and subclinical occurrence are common where subclinical cases are asymptomatic and need additional diagnostic tools for identification. Somatic cell counts (SCCs) in raw milk are an indicator for intramammary Intra-mammary infections (IMI) infections and thus helpful in subclinical mastitis forecasting. Somatic cells of 100,000 cells per ml are regarded as normal for uninfected milk and elevation above 200,000 cells per ml suspects IMI in cattle. The Somatic cell count (SCC) can be estimated with direct microscopic method or by flow cytometry. The major concerns of higher SCC are due to the hazardous effect on milk yield, milk quality, products processing, and pathogens that may have zoonotic importance. Good hygienic practices in shed and supplementations in rations can lower SCC and reduction of IMI. The regular monitoring of SCC is the pathway for early prediction of subclinical cases and assessing udder health management techniques for beneficent dairy business.

Pages 49-53
Year 2021
Issue 3
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.02.2021.42.48

BIOACTIVITIES OF ISOLATED PHYTOCHEMICALS AND EXTRACTS OF ABIES SPECTABILIS (D.DON) MIRB.

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Vivek Saravanan

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_6_21

ABSTRACT

Abies spectabilis (D.Don) Mirb. (synonyms: Abies brevifolia [A.Henry] Dallim.; Pinustinctoria Wall. ex D.Don; Abies chilrowensis Parl.; Pinusstriata Buch.‑Ham. ex Gordon and Glend.; A. spectabilis subsp. langtangensis [Silba] Silba; Pinus spectabilis D. Don; A. spectabilis var. langtangensis Silba; Picea webbiana [Wall. ex D.Don] Loudon; Abies webbiana [Wall. ex D.Don] Lindl.; and Picea naphta Knight) is a tree that belongs to the Pinaceae family. It grows up to 30 m tall in forests situated at an elevation from 2450 to 4000 m. Moreover, A. spectabilis is called தாளிசபத்திரி (Thaalisapaththiri) in Tamil/Siddha Medicine; Dhaatriparni, Dhaatripatra, Patraadhya, Taalisa, Taalisapatra, and Taalisha in Ayurveda; Taalisapattar in Unani; and Himalayan fir and Webb fir in English. This plant species is native to Asia (India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nepal). This plant species has been categorized as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources red list of threatened species.

Pages 42-48
Year 2021
Issue 2
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.02.2021.36.41

ABUSE AND MISUSE OF TRAMADOL AMONG THE YOUTH IN HODAN DISTRICT MOGADISHU SOMALIA

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Abdikadir Ahmed Omar, Hassan Mohamed Ahmed

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_5_21

ABSTRACT

Tramadol is a synthetic (manmade) pain reliever (analgesic) Researchers and doctors do not know the exact mechanism of action of tramadol, but it is similar to morphine. Like morphine, tramadol binds to receptors in the brain (narcotic or opioid receptors) that are important for transmitting the sensation of pain from throughout the body to the brain.

Pages 36-41
Year 2021
Issue 2
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.02.2021.23.35

POSSIBLE PHARMACOLOGICAL AND NONPHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR DIABETIC POLYNEUROPATHY

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Sidra Munir

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_3_21

ABSTRACT

Of the various types of micro‑ and macrocomplications associated with diabetes, the most common and serious complication is the nerve damage characterized by numbness
in hands and feet, effecting the proper functioning of organs such as kidney and heart to complete paralysis of body. These series of neurological conditions are referred to as diabetic neuropathy (DN). There are four most common types of DN, namely peripheral neuropathy (PN) also known as distal neuropathy, autonomous neuropathy (AN), proximal neuropathy also called as diabetic amyotrophy or radiculoplexus neuropathy, and mononeuropathy (MN) also called as focal neuropathy. There are other types of DN, which are less common, such as chronic sensorimotor Distal Polyneuropathy (DPN) and amyotrophic neuropathy

Pages 23-35
Year 2021
Issue 2
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.02.2021.19.22

ANTIHYPERTENSIVES AND COVID‑19: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Vrushali Ramdas Khobragade, Prashanth Yachrappa Vishwakarma, Arun Suresh Dodamani, Minal Madhukar Kshirsagar, Sulakshana Navindrabhau Raut,
Rahul Nivrutti Deokar

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_8_21

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19): A plague which has impacted health and economy worldwide on an exceptional scale. Patients have diverse clinical outcomes, but those with preexisting cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and related conditions sustain strangely worse outcome. Hypertension is a significant risk factor of mortality worldwide and it has been focused more nowadays because of its association with novel coronavirus 2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‑CoV‑2]) infection mentioned as COVID‑19. Patients showing severe COVID‑19 infections mostly seen to be older and had a history of hypertension. Most of the patients who have died within the pandemic were known cases of hypertension. This article demonstrates the relation between angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and COVID‑19 with its possible mechanisms. Hence, with this review, we have raised multiple questions regarding a more severe course of COVID‑19 in regard to hypertension itself and thus the antihypertensives used. With the data available, it is quite clear that the infection is understood to be caused by the SARS‑CoV‑2 and is responsible for human‑to‑human transmission of disease, entering the cells through its predicated receptor ACE2.

Pages 19-22
Year 2021
Issue 2
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.01.2021.14.18

ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN AND RISK FACTOR OF ESCHERICHIACOLI ISOLATED FROM THE POULTRY SAMPLES COLLECTED IN VETERINARY LABORATORY, BIRENDRANAGAR, SURKHET

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Lamichhane Utsav, R. S. Kushwaha, H. Pokhrel, B. K. Pandey, K. R. Pandey

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_15_20

ABSTRACT

Objectives: A total of 50 liver samples were collected and the questionnaire was filled for the corresponding demographic data. The organisms were identified and isolated. Based on the culture characteristics in different agars (nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar) and the response of the culture toward the biochemical tests, the microorganisms were identified and isolated. Methods: Institute of Clinical and Laboratory Standards – recommended Kirby – Bauer disc diffusion method – diffusion method performed for antibiotic susceptibility testing on Muller  Hinton agar. The antibiotic disks used in the study were ciprofloxacin (CP), amikacin (AK), enrofloxacin (EX), gentamicin, azithromycin, tetracycline (TE), and amoxicillin (AMX). Results: The results showed that 36% of the samples were positive for E. coli. Out of 23 birds of age below 28 days, 5 (21.74%) birds were tested positive for E. coli. Similarly, out of 27 birds of age above 28 days, 13 (48.15%) birds were tested positive for E. coli. The relation between E. coli prevalence and the age of the bird was found to be nonsignificant (P > 0.05) according to the Pearson Chi square test. Out of 33 samples from the farm with treated water, 13 (39.39%) of the samples were tested positive for E. coli. Similarly, out of 17 samples from the farm with untreated water, 5 (41.67%) of the samples were tested positive for E. coli. The prevalence of E. coli was significantly (P < 0.05) dependent upon the water treatment in the farm. There were 41 broiler samples out of which 16 (39.02%) samples were tested positive for E. coli. Similarly, there were 9 layer samples, out of which 2 (22.22%) samples were tested positive for the E. coli. There was a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) relation of the prevalence of E. coli with the type of bird. Among the E. coli positive samples(36%), the antibiotic sensitivity pattern was 55.56% for AK, 0.00% for AMX, 61.11% for EX, 38.89% for gentamycin, and 22.22% for TE. Among all the antibiotics, CP showed the highest sensitivity (83.33%) against E. coli. Conclusions: Among all the associated factors, water treatment in the poultry farm showed a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the prevalence of E. coli. Thus, treatment of the water in the farm is recommended to decrease the chances of E. coli prevalence in the farm.

Pages 14-18
Year 2021
Issue 1
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.01.2021.07.13

ANALYSIS FOR MALARIA TRANSMISSION DYNAMIC BETWEEN HUMAN AND MOSQUITO POPULATION, PART II: EFFECTIVE INFECTION RATE USING NEW TECHNIQUE

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
S. Saravana Kumar, L. Maragatham, A. Eswari

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_15_20

ABSTRACT

Objectives: This article presents the seven equation SEIR‑SIR model for the dynamics of malaria parasite transmission in both mosquito and human. It defines the presence of area in which the model is epidemiologically feasible. Methods: This paper is to find the approximate solution of the above models using q‑homotopy analysis method. It is a flexible method that is used to solve a variety of differential equations. Results: Numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the analytic results and explore the possible behavior of the formulated model. Conclusions: The results of our study are that, Malaria can be controlled by reducing the rate of contact between humans and mosquitoes, the use of active malaria drugs, insecticides and mosquito nets treated with mosquitoes can also help reduce mosquito populations and malaria transmission respectively.

Pages 07-13
Year 2021
Issue 1
Volume 5

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February 19, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.01.2021.01.06

ETHNOVETERINARY PRACTICES AMONG SMALL‑HOLDER GOAT FARMERS IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
O. A. Adeyeye, E. O. Osuntade, O. T. Irekhore, F. A. Akande

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_11_20

ABSTRACT

Objectives: Challenges of diseases and inadequate healthcare skills limit productivity of livestock while dearth of qualified veterinarians in rural communities have encouraged ethno-veterinary practices by small-holder farmers. Prevalent goat diseases and the practice and perception of ethno-veterinary activities among small-holder goat farmers were evaluated in Yewa North Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Methods: Data were drawn from 110 goat farmers (selected through multistage sampling technique) using Interview guide. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Chi Square analyses. Results showed that respondents mean age, farming experience and average herd size were 63 years, 21.5 years and 15 goats, respectively. All the farmers reared the West African Dwarf breed of goat. Parent stocks were mainly sourced from fellow farmers (95.5%) and most of the farmers keep goats for economic benefits (93.6%). Results: Common diseases that farmers observe in the goats were mange, ecthyma, peste des petits ruminants, and foot rot. Result indicated that farmers largely (81.8%) adopted ethno-veterinary practices in goats disease control and adoption of these practices was due to poor access to professional veterinary doctors (x̅=4.36, SD±0.89), ease of sourcing medicinal plants and herbs (x̅=4.16, SD±1.12), and cost effectiveness (x̅ =3.44, SD±1.21). Farming experience and herd size had significant association with farmers’ perception of ethno-veterinary practice. Source of information did not influence farmers’ perception on ethno-veterinary practices. Conclusions: Respondents preferred ethno-veterinary method in control of goat diseases and there is need for increased extension and veterinary interventions.

Pages 01-06
Year 2021
Issue 1
Volume 5

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February 13, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.02.2020.65.67

BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH: HARITAKI (TERMINALIA CHEBULA)

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Letter to Editor

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_5_20

ABSTRACT

India is richly endowed with a wide variety of plants of medicinal value. These plants are widely used by all sections of the society, either as folk remedies or as traditional medicines of the Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani systems. Terminalia chebula (commonly known as Black Myrobalan or Chebulic Myrobalan) is a medium
to the large deciduous tree, native to South Asia from India and Nepal east to Southwest China, and South to Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and Vietnam.[1] The tree yields a fruit which has an abrasive seed but a fleshy pulp. The seed, called “Harda” is also used in Indian cooking. The plant is highly regarded in Ayurvedic and Tibetan medicines. T. chebula has been extensively used in traditional Indian medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani) system.

Pages 65-67
Year 2020
Issue 2
Volume 4

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February 13, 2026 In Uncategorized

msp.02.2020.60.64

VALIDATION OF COVID‑19 SPREAD MODEL BY EARLY CASES FROM SPAIN

Journal: Matrix Science Pharma (MSP)
Author: Isack E. Kibona, Jeremiah J. Ruhere, Violet G. Saria

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

DOI: 10.4103/MTSP..MTSP_12_20

ABSTRACT

This article intends to illustrate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) model if strict restriction is not enforced. Early COVID‑19 cases from Spain have been considered an example. Thus, this article is for the estimation of specific parameter particularly to one of the most hit countries in April 2020. Our essence is the possibility to spot a natural model of COVID‑19. The cases between March 1 and 15, 2020 have been taken to validate and estimate the parameter of the model. Parameters were estimated by a nlinfit function from MATLAB developed by Levenberg–Marquardt, and thus, so is the reproduction number (R0 ). R0 was found greater than the unit, which is catastrophic. Cases of COVID‑19 between March 1 and 15 have been chosen to validate the model because in this earlier stage of the pandemic, Spain restrictions against the spread were assumed not enough to impede the pace of natural spread to the pandemic. Had it not been the lockdown that followed after the mentioned dates, by April 15, 2020, Spain would have been in a more catastrophic situation by >3,400,000 COVID‑19 infection cases far worse from 180,695 cases that happened.

Pages 60-64
Year 2020
Issue 2
Volume 4

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